abstract the extent to which teachers’ written corrective feedback (wcf) is conducive to esl learners’ improvement has been discussed since truscott’s claim in 1996. the mentioned debate continues because there has been lots of contrastive research studies with different results. this paper presents the results of a 2-month study of the effectiveness of wcf to 65 low intermediate iranian learne...

Abstract The extent to which teachers’ written corrective feedback (WCF) is conducive to ESL learners’ improvement has been discussed since Truscott’s claim in 1996. The mentioned debate continues because there has been lots of contrastive research studies with different results. This paper presents the results of a 2-month study of the effectiveness of WCF to 65 low intermediate Iranian learne...

Abstract The extent to which teachers’ written corrective feedback (WCF) is conducive to ESL learners’ improvement has been discussed since Truscott’s claim in 1996. The mentioned debate continues because there has been lots of contrastive research studies with different results. This paper presents the results of a 2-month study of the effectiveness of WCF to 65 low intermediate Iranian learne...

Open hedged bisimulation was proposed as a generalisation to the spi calculus of the pi calculus’open bisimulation. In this paper, we extend previous work on open hedged bisimulation. We show that open hedged bisimilarity is closed under respectful substitutions and give a symbolic characterisation of open hedged bisimulation. The latter result is an important step towards mechanisation of open...

The effect of error feedback on the accuracy of output task types such as editing task, text reconstruction task, picture cued writing task, and dictogloss task, has not been clearly explored. Following arguments concerning that the combination of both corrective feedback and output makes it difficult to determine whether their effects were in combination or alone, the purpose of the present st...

This research introduces a new mixed-integer nonlinear goal program (MINLGP) with branch and bound constraints and a separable programming foundation. The motivation for creating the MINLGP algorithm is to advance the ability of portfolio managers facing multiple and hierarchical goals to simultaneously solve for an efficient portfolio with an optimal number of contingent claim contracts in ord...

We investigate whether the volatility risk premium is negative by examining the statistical properties of delta-hedged option portfolios (buy the option and hedge with stock). Within a stochastic volatility framework, we demonstrate a correspondence between the sign and magnitude of the volatility risk premium and the mean delta-hedged portfolio returns. Using a sample of S&P 500 index options,...

The spi-calculus is a formal model for the design and analysis of cryptographic protocols: many security properties, such as authentication and strong confidentiality, can be reduced to the verification of behavioural equivalences between spi processes. In this paper we provide an algorithm for deciding hedged bisimilarity on finite processes, which is equivalent to barbed equivalence (and coar...